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* * }} |capital = Madrid (1931–1936) Valencia (1936–1937) Barcelona (1937–1939) |national_motto = ''Plus Ultra'' "Further Beyond" |national_anthem = ''Himno de Riego'' "Anthem of Riego" |common_languages = Spanishb |title_leader = President |leader1 = Niceto Alcalá-Zamora |year_leader1 = 1931–1936 |leader2 = Manuel Azaña |year_leader2 = 1936–1939 |title_deputy = Prime Minister |deputy1 = Niceto Alcalá-Zamora |year_deputy1 = 1931 |deputy2 = Juan Negrín López |year_deputy2 = 1937–1939 |legislature = Congress of Deputies |stat_year1 = |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = |currency = Spanish peseta |footnotes = a. ''Espainiako Errepublika'' in Basque, ''República Espanyola'' in Catalan and ''República Española'' (same spelling as in Spanish) in Galician. b. Catalan, Basque and Galician would gain formal officiality with the approval of the Statute of Autonomy. }} The Second Spanish Republic ((スペイン語:Segunda República Española)) was the republican regime that existed in Spain from 1931 to 1939, preceded by the Restoration and followed by Francoist Spain after the Spanish Civil War. Following the Provisional Government between April and December 1931, the 1931 Constitution effectively established the Republic. The Spanish Republic is generally divided in three eras, the First Biennium, the Dark Biennium, and the Popular Front government. The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed when King Alfonso XIII left the country following municipal elections in which anti-monarchist candidates won the majority of votes, and the Spanish population celebrated the beginning of the Republic and social pressure made the political regime change. Its government went into exile on , when the last of the Republican forces surrendered to the rebel ''nacionales'', led in part by ''Generalísimo'' Francisco Franco, ending the Spanish Civil War. The government in exile of the Second Spanish Republic had an embassy in Mexico City until 1976. After the restoration of democracy in Spain, the government was formally dissolved the following year.〔(Javier Rubio, ''Los reconocimientos diplomáticos del Gobierno de la República española en el exilio'' )〕 ==1931 Constitution== (詳細はMiguel Primo de Rivera (who had been in power since September 1923) was overthrown. This led various republican factions from a wide variety of backgrounds, including old conservatives and socialists, to join forces. The Pact of San Sebastián was the key to the transition from monarchy to republic. Republicans of all tendencies were committed to the Pact of San Sebastian in overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a republic. The restoration of the royal Bourbons was rejected by large sectors of the populace who vehemently opposed the King. The pact, signed by representatives of the main Republican forces, allowed a joint anti-monarchy political campaign.〔Mariano Ospina Peña, La II República Española, caballerosandantes.net/videoteca.php?action=verdet&vid=89〕 The 12 April 1931 municipal elections led to a landslide victory for republicans. Two days later, the Second Republic was proclaimed, and King Alfonso XIII went into exile. The king's departure led to a provisional government of the young republic under Niceto Alcalá-Zamora. Catholic churches and establishments in cities like Madrid and Sevilla were set ablaze on 11 May.〔(abc.es: "La quema de iglesias durante la Segunda República" 10 May 2012 )〕 In June 1931 a Constituent Cortes was elected to draft a new constitution, which came into force in December. The new constitution established freedom of speech and freedom of association, extended suffrage to women in 1933, allowed divorce and stripped the Spanish nobility of any special legal status. Initially it also largely disestablished the Roman Catholic Church, a trend that was somewhat reversed in 1933. Its controversial articles 26 and 27 imposed stringent controls on Church property and barred religious orders from the ranks of educators.〔Smith, Angel, (Historical Dictionary of Spain ), p. 195, Rowman & Littlefield 2008〕 Scholars have described the constitution as hostile to religion, with one scholar characterising it as one of the most hostile of the 20th century.〔Stepan, Alfred, (Arguing Comparative Politics ), p. 221, Oxford University Press〕 José Ortega y Gasset stated, "the article in which the Constitution legislates the actions of the Church seems highly improper to me."〔Paz, Jose Antonio Souto (Perspectives on religious freedom in Spain ) Brigham Young University Law Review Jan. 1, 2001〕 Pope Pius XI condemned the Spanish government's deprivation of the civil liberties of Catholics in the encyclical ''Dilectissima Nobis''.〔Dilectissima Nobis, 2 (On Oppression Of The Church Of Spain)〕 The legislative branch was changed to a single chamber called the Congress of Deputies. The constitution established legal procedures for the nationalisation of public services and land, banks, and railways. The constitution provided generally accorded civil liberties and representation. Catholic churches in major cities were again subject to arson in 1932, and a revolutionary strike action was seen in Malaga the same year.〔 A Catholic church in Zaragoza saw arson in 1933, and the cathedral in Oviedo was destroyed by flames in 1934.〔 The church of San Lorenzo in Gijon was set ablaze in this year as well. The church of San Juan in Albacete was torched three months prior to the onset of the civil war, in March 1936.〔 The 1931 Constitution was formally effective from 1931 until 1939. In the summer of 1936, after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, it became a dead letter after the authority of the Republic was superseded in many places by revolutionary socialists and anarchists on one side and fascists on the other. The Republican Constitution also changed the symbols of the country. The ''Himno de Riego'' was established as the national anthem, and the Tricolor, with three horizontal red-yellow-purple fields, became the new flag of Spain. Under the new Constitution, all of Spain's regions had the right to autonomy. Catalonia (1932) and the Basque Country (1936) exercised this right, with Andalucía, Aragón, and Galicia engaged in negotiations with the government before the outbreak of the Civil War. The Constitution guaranteed a wide range of civil liberties, but it failed to agree on key points with the convictions of the conservative right, which was very rooted in rural areas, and with the desires of the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, which was stripped of schools and public subsidies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Second Spanish Republic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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